Dropping the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima - 1081 Words

Dropping of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima With the closing of the Second World War at hand, Harry S. Truman represented the United States in Potsdam Germany to decide the fate of a post war world. The key individuals in the conference consisted of the allied leaders, Soviet Premier Stalin, Prime Minister Churchill, and Truman. Dubbed the â€Å"big Three† in the second conference of the post war, they were charged with the daunting task of dealing with Japan and their continued effort in the ending war. The Potsdam Declaration was devised. It simply stated that Japan must immediately agree to an unconditional surrender or face total destruction. Japan would ignore this declaration (Scoenberger, 1969). In the summer of 1945, the war in the†¦show more content†¦With Its commission to the fleet, Enola Gay preformed a test mission in preparation for its mission the next morning. The mission would be called â€Å"Operation Centerboard 1†, this type of bombing mission had never been preformed, the bomb had never existed or had a full functional test, and the hopes of ending the war hung in the balance of this mission (Museum, 2011). The Enola Gay and its weather plane escort took off from North Field airbase, Tinian Island at 0245Z 06 August 1945, Operation Centerboard 1 was on a course for history (Museum, 2011). The Enola Gay climbed to 30,000 feet in preparation for the bombing raid. The bomb was dropped at 0915Z over Hiroshima, Japan. The bomb hit the intended target 43 seconds later (Museum, 2011). The airplane preformed the escape maneuvers and started the return to base. The detonation mushroom cloud climbed to 40,000 feet and was visible by the crew for 360 miles away from the impact sight(Museum, 2011). The crew safely landed at Tinian island 1438Z performing the mission exactly as planned (Museum, 2011). The bomb impacted Hiroshima 800 feet from the intended target of Aioi bridge and directly impacted the Shima Surgical clinic. The bomb only delivered 13 Kilotons of energy with only 1.88 present fusion. This was far less than expected and considered a failure by the military. A little under four and a half square miles of the city was instantly destroyed (sixty- nine percent of theShow MoreRelatedThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima3031 Words   |  13 PagesThe dropping of the Atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945 and Nagasaki on August 9th, 1945 was the first and last time the weapon has been used to date; the atomic explosions exposed the true potential of nuclear warfare whilst also highlighting the global superiority that America possessed at the conclusion of World War II. On August 6th, 1945 â€Å"Little Boy†, a uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in an effort by the United States (U.S.) and backed by the Soviet Union, the British andRead MoreDropping The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki2834 Words   |  12 Pages The Atomic Bomb Paula Rabens December 11, 2014 DeVry University Online The event that I chose to discuss is the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I believe that this event is worth studying because it was the first and only time that an atomic bomb had been used in war. The significance of this event can be seen from different sides and affected not only future policies, national security, the future of energy developmentRead MoreEssay about Was Dropping an Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Ethical?1959 Words   |  8 Pages On August 6th, 1945 the United States military dropped the first atomic bomb as an act of war on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. 3 days later, the second and last to date, atomic bomb was dropped onto Nagasaki, Japan. Under the direction of President Harry Truman, the atomic bombs were dropped in response to the disregarded ultimatum demanding the surrender of Japan in World War II. 150,000 to 246,000 people died in Hiroshima and Nagasaki due to the blast and in the following months due to injuryRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki During World War II Essay1007 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone in the United States, and the world, knows about the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. There are countless pictures, bombs, and destruction caused, but where did it all start? It started in the Martin Bomber Plant right here in Nebraska. The Martin Bomber Plant was commissioned well before Pearl Harbor in September 1940. All over the country, plants were being opened to make bombs, tanks, guns, and more. Even though the Unites States wasn’t fightingRead MoreEssay on Atomic Bombing on Japan937 Words   |  4 PagesHiroshima: Was Dropping the Atomic Bomb a Military Necessity? On the morning of August 6th, 1945 at around 8:16 a.m., the United States dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy.† Three days after the first atomic bomb was dropped, on August 9th, 1945 at around 11:02 a.m., the United States dropped a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. This bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Fat Man.† These two bombs immensely destroyed these cities and took the lives of many peopleRead MoreThe Importance Of The Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima742 Words   |  3 Pagesin Asia but Japan is still putting up fierce resistance. On August 6, around 8:00 AM, an American B-29 flew over Hiroshima, Japan carrying the world’s most feared weapons, a weapon which can flatten a whole city in seconds, Equivalent to 13 kilotons of TNT. This new technology is called an atomic bomb. The primary target of â€Å"Little Boy† (the atomic bomb) was Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima was of industrial and military significance. A number of military camps were located nearby, including the headquartersRead MoreA Closer Look at the Bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki1485 Words   |  6 Pageshistory was changed. Two atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima, and three days later, August 9, 1945, on Nagasaki that ended World War II. Japan had already been a defeated nation from conventional bombs and World War II. Many innocent lives were lost, psychological scars were left on the lives of the bomb survivors, and thus many lives were changed forever. The atomic bombings caused many people to have genetic effects due to the radiation from the bombs. Revisionists have saidRead MoreAtomic Bombs And Its Effects On Japan1369 Words   |  6 PagesCan you imagine how many atomic bombs that have killed many Japanese during, World War II in Japan? On August 6, 1945, a new weapon with a significant explosive power known as the atomic bombs just has been dropped on Japan. The dropping of this weap on on Hiroshima and Nagasaki there were 262,020 civilians were killed. The United States to chose the atomic bomb in order for Japan to surrender and end the war quickly. Likewise, President Truman as the duty as president and Commander in Chief to protectRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Is Not A Military Necessity1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrevered American generals, Leahy, Macarthur, and Eisenhower, stated the dropping of the atomic bomb â€Å"was not a military necessity.† Japan was already struggling greatly to maintain itself, and they felt that it would fall soon. Leahy even went as far as to say that a continuation of the blockade of Japan and bombings would have been enough to bring Japan to its knees. These generals acknowledged the efficiency of the atomic bomb, but could not reconcile that efficiency to the devastating consequencesRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs in Japan1373 Words   |  6 PagesOn August 6th, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima without any precedent. The explosion viciously destroyed four square miles of the city and killed 90,000 and injured 40,000. (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†) Three days later, a second atomic bomb stroked the city of Nagasaki which killed approximately 37,000 people and injured 43,000 (Weber, â€Å"Was Hiroshima Necessary?†). These actions of the United States still remain controversial today and the United

Google Strategy Plan Free Essays

string(34) " Google is painfully naive about\." Abstract Google is the most recognized search engine on the internet in the world. They are a global technology company focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Google’s revenue primarily comes from delivering online advertising. We will write a custom essay sample on Google Strategy Plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Google’s is focused on areas such as search, advertising, operating systems and platforms and enterprise. AdWords is Google program used by businesses to promote their products and services with targeted advertising. Also, third parties that make up the Google Network use another Google program, AdSense, to deliver relevant advertisements that generate revenue (Lennihan, 2012). As Google has grown, they have added several new services for its users. Some make Web searches more efficient and relevant, while others seem to have little in common with search engines. The many services have entered Google into direct competition with other companies (Strickland, 2012). Google has expanded their company beyond just search and advertising and are looking for new ways technology can expand their business. They want to be technological innovators that people want to work for to be the leader in technology research and development. The Google culture encourages their people to explore new ideas that may lead to a breakthrough not yet discovered. The Global Strategy Plan covers from where Google first started by two Stanford PhD students back in 1998 into what it is today, a multi-billion dollar corporation that strives to be the leader in technology. They are continuously looking for ways to improve the search for users and the speed and information they receive. Google is a technology leader and continue to expand into more technology fields. Google Google provides a variety of tools to help businesses of all kinds succeed on and off the web (Google Company, 2012). They are a global technology leader focused on improving the ways people connect with information. Innovations in web search and advertising have made Google’s web site a top internet property and their brand one of the most recognized in the world (Grant, 2010, p. 350). Google’s advertising programs, with range from simple text ads to rick media ads, help businesses find customers, and help publishers make money off of their content. They also provide cloud computing tools for businesses that save money and help organizations become more productive (Google Company, 2012). Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful (Grant, 2010, p. 350). Firm Analysis Google Inc. was established in September 1998 in a friend’s garage in Menlo Park, California by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, PhD students at Stanford University. In January 1996, Page’s search for a dissertation topic led him to examine the linkage structure of the World Wide Web. Page and Brin developed a page-ranking algorithm that used backlink data (references by a Web page to other Web pages) to measure the importance of any Web page. They called their search engine â€Å"Google† and on September 15, 1997 registered the domain name google. com. They incorporated Google Inc. and Google’s â€Å"Page Rank† algorithm was granted a patent on September 4, 2001 (Grant, 2010, p. 340). The Google search engine attracted a rapidly growing following because of its superior page ranking and its simple design. In 2000, Google began selling advertisements – paid web links associated with search keywords. After 2000, Google experienced explosive growth and was boosted in May 2002 by AOLs decision to adopt Google’s search engine and its paid listings service (Grant, 2010, p. 341). Page and Brin’s initial funding for Google was a $100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems. In June 1999, larger funding was obtained from venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield Byers and Sequoia Capital. On August 19, 2004 an initial public offering of about 7% of Google’s shares raised $1. 7 billion, giving Google a market capitalization of $23 billion, which fueled even more rapid development of its business (Grant, 2010, p. 341). Google is best known for their search engine on the internet, but they have been acquiring, on average, more than one company per week since 2010 (Wikipedia, 2012). Two of the major purchases made by Google have bee n YouTube on October 9, 2006 and Motorola Mobility on August 15, 2011 (Wikipedia, 2012). They have also purchased various other companies to build on their search engine, help improve their website and their advertisement business. Google’s quest to meet the information needs of society caused it to continually seek opportunities for accessing new information and provide it through additional media channels. Google’s quest to provide accessibility to the world’s information had taken it into new communication media (notably wireless telephony, but also radio, TV and video games) and sources of information beyond third-party web sites. These new sources of information included images, maps, academic articles, books, satellite imagery, news, patents, video, finance, and Web logs (Grant, 2010, p. 343-344). Google purchased YouTube in October 2006 for $1. 5 billion. Many writers thought since Google made a majority of its revenue from advertising, it would profit from placing video ads next to the 100 million video streams that YouTube claims users view there each month. Google, instead, kept YouTube as an independent company. Google was attempting to break into TV and radio advertising and tes ting the waters on the internet with YouTube seemed like a good idea that would be a cheap alternative to actually placing ads on TV. At the time of the purchase, TV advertising was the biggest ad market of all totaling $61 billion in the U. S. ompared to the Net’s $8 billion. Google executives confirmed the company bought YouTube, in part, to better position itself for getting into the business of selling traditional television advertising (Kirkpatrick, 2006). The purchase of Motorola Mobility – the spun-off phone-making wing of the original Motorola, cost Google $12. 5 billion, which is about a third of their cash reserves, as of when the purchase was made. The most obvious reason the deal was made was to give Google access to Motorola’s ability to manufacture hardware in massive numbers, something Google is painfully naive about. You read "Google Strategy Plan" in category "Essay examples" Google now gets access to Motorola’s design and engineering process, and this will allow it to carefully tailor both future smartphone hardware and its own Android OS software together. Making phones in-house means a Google Droid phone will likely have better battery life, slicker performance, greater reliability and fewer bugs, which is exactly what Google needed to rival Apple, with its iron-fist control over seamless integration of software into custom-crafted hardware. Also, Motorola is already so huge, and long-established, it has extensive and very strong links to manufacturing partners around the world. Those relationships are now owned by Google, which means it can hone and refine them to meet future Android phone and tablet needs, which puts Google in the hardware business (Eaton, 2011). Google’s growth and capacity for innovation rested upon a management system that was unique, even by the unorthodox standards of Silicon Valley. Gary Hamel identified in the book, The Future of Management, several key features of the management system built by founders Larry Page (President of Products) and Sergey Brin (President of Technology), and their â€Å"adult supervisor† Eric Schmidt (Chairman and CEO): their hiring policy, a dramatically flat, radically decentralized organization, small, self-managing teams and rapid, low-cost experimentation. The result was a constant impetus towards creativity, innovation and entrepreneurial initiative. Google is organized around the ability to attract and leverage the talent of exceptional technologists and business people (Grant, 2010, p. 45-346). Google keeps lines of communication open between the top people in the organization and the workers, referred to as Googlers. This open communication allows the workers to question the decision-makers about the happenings in the company and gives them a sense of ownership of the products. Google AdWords and AdSense is a pair of W eb advertising services that generate revenue. AdWords allows advertisers to submit ads to Google that include a list of keywords relating to the product, service or business. When a Google user searches the Web with one of the keywords, the ad appears on the sidebar. Google gets paid by the advertiser every time the user clicks on the ad. AdSense is similar, except instead of displaying ads on the sidebar, a webmaster can choose to integrate ads into their own site. Every time someone clicks on an ad on the webmaster’s site, the webmaster receives a portion of the ad revenue (Google gets the rest). With both AdWords and AdSense, Google’s strategy is to provide targeted advertising to users (Strickland, 2012). In 2011, 96% of Google’s $37. 9 billion in revenue comes from advertising (Miller, 2012). Google’s International Markets is one of the most used search engines in the world, offered in approximately 144 countries. The search engine holds around a 60% market share in the world’s search engine requests. Google holds a 10% higher market share in Europe than in the U. S. Google, Inc. has approximately twenty American based offices, thirteen offices in the Asia – Pacific region, twenty-six in Europe, three in Canada, three in Latin America and five in the Middle East. Sergey Brin, Google, Inc. ’s co-founder, stated, â€Å"Google plans to quickly expand into a wide variety of new markets. The simplicity of our user interface and the scalability of our back-end systems enables us to expand very quickly† (Bailey, Gilmore, Hrones, Mendea, Peal). Google, Inc. is swiftly becoming a noticeable global brand with approximately 70 office locations as of April 2010 in the U. S. and around the world (Bailey, Gilmore, Hrones, Mendea, Peal). Google believes it is possible to organize all the information on earth and provide it to users when needed. Google started out as a search engine and later collaborated with its various products (Kumar, 2011). SWOT Analysis StrengthsWeaknesses -Ease of use by all users to retrieve information -Speed of the search engine -Integrate with various languages -Localized searching -Google’s products -Development supports innovation-Difficult to differentiate between real good content, good content and average content -Business manipulate the system -Just a search engine that provides information to the user -Products are not well known OpportunitiesThreats -Technology and increase internet usage created a revolution for information and knowledge for the common man -Major revenues from advertising Constantly involved in acquisition programs -Huge user base causes any additions to immediately become more popular than even the original idea-Faces competition from other search engines like Yahoo and Bing -Baidu and Yandex in China and Russia are market winners -User preference changing -Possible failure or take time to migrate its existing technology -Don’t lose its focus with competitors -Moving awa y from the search engine (Kumar, 2011) Recommendations Google is constantly acquiring new businesses and ideas that allow it to provide information the users want to them at a rapid pace. One of their newest projects is Google Glasses which is in line to compete with Facebook for the social media crowd. These augmented reality glasses would bring smartphone computing straight to your eyeballs while allowing wearers to capture photos and videos of the world as they see it. Google glasses will have the ability to send text messages, take phone calls and give directions making it a competitor to Apple’s iPhone. We’re constantly being told these days that sitting is killing us, and that the amount of time we spend planted in a chair, glued to computers and tablets is dangerously unhealthy. Technologies that allow mobility and engagement with the world, while still connected to the Internet are going to be attractive (Hill, 2012). As a company, Google aims high. Its ambition far exceeds Internet search and advertising. It has built a powerful network of data centers around the globe in hopes of connecting users instantly with high-resolution satellite pictures of every corner of the earth and sky; making the entire text of books available online; and becoming the leading distributor of online video through YouTube. At the same time, Google has taken its advertising system offline, as it tries to capture portions of large ad markets in television, radio and newspapers, investing heavily in mobile phone technology to replicate its online success in the wireless world. The company continues to be dominate in its core business, search advertising, but Google faces fierce competition from social media sites like Facebook and Twitter. Information exchanged over the social network is walled off from search engines and lucrative territory for ads (Lennihan, 2012). Google has had many inquiries from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the European Commission (EC). The FCC fined Google $25,000 for impeding an investigation into its data collection practices. The FTC escalated its antitrust investigation of Google by hiring a prominent litigator, sending a strong signal the agency is prepared to take the case to court. The EC warned Google it must move quickly to change four business practices or face formal charges for violating European antitrust law. The EC found, after a two-year inquiry, that Google might have abused its dominance in Internet search and advertising, giving its own products an advantage over those of others, while maintaining it offers a neutral, best-for-the-customer result (Lennihan, 2012). Having such a large share of the search and advertising market around the globe is attracting the government agencies to look into the way Google is doing business to ensure they are legitimately looking out for the best interest of the customer. The government wants to ensure Google is not giving any company an unfair advantage over any other company. Google’s future is being imagined at the company’s top-secret lab, called Google X, in an undisclosed Bay Area location. At the lab, Google is tackling a list of 100 ideas. Among them is a refrigerator that could be connected to the Internet, so it could order groceries when they ran low; a dinner plate that could post what you are eating to a social network; a robot that could go to the office while you stay home in your pajamas; or an elevator to outer space. One of the ideas – the driverless cars – may turn into a new business. Even as Google has grown into a major corporation and tech start-ups are biting at its heels, the lab reflects the company’s ambition to conduct ground-breaking research and development (Lennihan, 2012). Conclusion Google has come a long way since Sergey Brin and Larry Page networked a few computers together at Stanford. What started as a modest project is now a multibillion-dollar global organization that employs more than 19,000 people around the world. Brin and Page are still very much involved with Google’s operations (Strickland, 2012). Hiring intelligent people that fit the Google way and keeping the teams to small groups are key ingredients to keep effective teams able to get things done without too many layers. Google’s drive to remain on top of the search and advertising industry and drive to continuously improve their products through acquisition, research and development keeps them on top of the industry. References Bailey, Gilmore, Hrones, Mendea, Peal. Google, Inc. International Strategies. Retrieved from http://www. slideshare. net/abail019/international-strategies-for-google-inc Eaton, K. (2011, August 15). Why Google Bought Motorola Mobility, And What It Means. Retrieved from http://www. fastcompany. com/1773548/google-bought-motorola- mobility-12-point-five-billion-what-it-means Google Company. (2012). Our products and services. What we do for business. Retrieved from http://www. google. com/about/company/products/ Grant, R. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. West Sussex, United Kingdom. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Hill, K. (2012, May 30). Google’s Competitor For Facebook Isn’t Plus. It’s Project Glass. Forbes. Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/kashmirhill/2012/05/30/googles- competitor-for-facebook-isnt-plus-its-project-glass/ Kirkpatrick, D. (2006, October 19). The real reason that Google bought YouTube? Fortune Magazine. Retrieved from http://money. cnn. com/2006/10/18/technology/fastforward_gootube. fortune/index. htm Kumar, A. (2011, June 25). Google SWOT Analysis. Retrieved from http://www. marketing91. com/google-swot-analysis/ Lennihan, M. (2012, July 19). Google Inc. New York Times. Retrieved from http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/business/companies/google_inc/index. html Miller, M. (2012, January 23). How Google Made $37. 9 Billion in 2011. Retrieved from http://searchenginewatch. com/article/2140712/How-Google-Made-37. 9-Billion-in-2011 Strickland, J. (2012). How Google Works. Retrieved from http://entertainment. howstuffworks. com/hsw-shows/sysk-crowd-sourced-quiz. htm Wikipedia. (2012, July 23). List of acquisitions by Google. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Google How to cite Google Strategy Plan, Essay examples

The Reality of Strategic HRM

Question: Discuss and covered some of the individual components of the employment cycle but your answer would be further enhanced by providing some discussion of ensuring integration of the different elements of the cycle to ensure a strategic and effective approach to the management of people. In addition your discussion of employment legislation could be more precise by focusing briefly on the impact of employment legislation on people management. Finally a conclusion stressing the overall importance of an integrated approach to the management of people would be beneficial.? Answer: Introduction Nowadays, as people may understand, Human sources management is an essential detail within the commercial enterprise environment and also getting complicated because the society has modified with the development of technology. Consequently, a bunch of companies cant ignore about their workforce because the view of human resources in an organisation contributes a massive part of the organization's value. To be specific, Since the Nineteen Eighties, HRM approach has become a gradually critical matters for studying (Lengnick-corridor and Lengnick-corridor,1988; Terpstra and Rozell, 1993; Wright et al., 1998).By handling their human resources, the organisation can foster the exceptional types of employees behaviour which is vital to achieving competitive approach (Dowling and Schuler, 1990; Grundy, 1998; Schuler, 1987; Schuler and Jackson, 1987a). This report will discuss importance of effectively dealing with the employment cycle within an organisation additionally emphasize the position and significance of regulation for the entire of employment cycle. What's Employment cycle? Information from Willey, (2015), defined employment cycle includes businesses choice employment call for consistent with business approach. As soon as employment needs are determined, organizations begin to hire new workers. Relationship among Employment Cycle and Human assets management The vast majority of organisation has to make plans for the positions which unavoidably grow to be to alternative workers as employees retire, leave or get promoted. Moreover, new positions should be created because the company extends. Therefore, for most firms, deciding staffing wishes is a non-stop manner. The importance and role of HRM in Employment cycle According to report written by Fang Lee Cooke, (2000), and CIPD,(2007), explain In HRM, Recruitment, selection and motivation process is one of the maximum considerable factors that allows the growth and achievement of enterprise. Recruiting and choosing incorrect human beings for a company can lead to accelerated labour expenses, increased turnover, and moreover it could lower the morale of the existing employees of the firm. On the other hand, motivation can enhance the loyalty of workers to organisation and increase the productivity of the organisation. For that reason, HR needs to hire those individuals who are eager to work with their best and supply them education and motivation for fulfillment of enterprise. To try this corporation wants a successful HR function and method that they are able to offer good enough assistance, motivation and schooling to group of workers. Rothwell (2008, p.23) debates that it's far mandatory for manager in enterprise to be very good at people-competencies for it is the people working at the company which can be the most crucial people inside the enterprise. Without employees in the company, then the firms does not attain its desires. They are the individual that make things moving. There are consequently no escaping people-abilities if business venture is to exceptionally perform. The stage of employment cycle 1.Planning The planning in the status quo phase of the employment cycle engages in expecting employees range available and qualified workers number asked in the future. Making plans for HR must be related to business strategies due to the fact company has to consider a great deal of factors: cost and vacancy availability, current situation. Recruitment and selection This is the most essential parts of the HR department. It is the function guarantees the organisation's choose the most skillful and capable individual among a variety of candidate. According to, CIPD, (2015), recruitment is the process of getting the ideal person, in the right location, on the proper time. It's essential to organisational performance. Recruiting worker is enormously highly costly activity. Which meant it is significant part of any business. To increase safety levels of recruitment, regardless of the size or nature of the business, having a clear recruitment and selection process in place and is consistently carried out. Consequently, when organizations pick the right people for position, train them properly and deal with them accurately. Through those activitiy, it will result in not only make good outcomes such as effective and better motivated work but also have tendency to commit to the organization longer. There is example how important recruitment and selection is in organization. According to Business case studies, (2015), Cummins is well aware of getting it right. Negative choice at the recruitment stage can show high priced. Consequently, the company has to make sure of a candidate's technical competency. To be detail, while engineer designs certainly one of components that fail and need to be re engineered. In this situation, it is going to have an effect on losing money and time and might incur penalty fees about any delay for contracts. Money and time the organisation spent in recruiting that worker will have proved high-priced and wasteful whilst a better candidate won't have 'were given away' but also long gone to a competitor. Recruitment and selection procedure is involved with recognizing, attracting and selecting appropriate person to meet enterprises human resource prerequisites (Anderson, 2001). Moreover, it can be clarified like Watson said: "Recruitment and choice are conceived as the procedure by which companies request, agreement and interest potential appointees, and then establish whether or not it might be fitting to designate any of them" (Watson, 1994) Essentially, the recruitment way is consisted of internal and outside. The procedure might be classified as defining the role, attracting applications, coping with the application and selection process, making the appointment. According to Wiley, (2015), employee selection can be demonstrated as a screening or filtering method. It consists of accumulating data of every candidate for a role, and afterward using that source to pick the satisfactory proper applicants. Interviews, checks, physical examinations and reference assessments are all piece of this process. In choosing employees, the concept is to pick the most fitting man or woman with the talents that great fit the position, in preference to the applicant with the most qualifications. Choosing employee may be a highly-priced process now not just as a long way as the time and effort placed into the screening method, additionally in terms of the costs about inappropriate choice. Therefore, it should be efficient, effective and fair. The poor selection procedure can reason to increased rate and reduce productivity by increasing: training cost, process dissatisfaction and so on. So, it shows that managing HRM effectively in organisation is one of important elements. 2.Maintenance Induction ACEVEDO, J.M. And YANCEY, G.B. (2011) stated Induction may be defined as the procedure where employees adapt or get used to their employment and working context. As a element of this, orientation may be utilised for especial direction or training event that new starters attend, and socialisation can describe the method in which new personnel develop working relationships and find out roles for themselves in their new groups. The reason for induction is to assure that representatives are incorporating great into or across the business for the benefit of both aspects. Research via TAYLOR, S. (2014), demonstrates that induction programmes advantages employers and employees. For employers these consist of improving the job fit, reducing turnover and absenteeism, and growing employee loyalty and job satisfaction. For representatives, beginning a brand new role in new company may be nervous time because they are not familiar with the new working environment and colleagues. By providing induction programme, it allows them to see more about the company, their position, skills of working and meeting colleagues. So this shows importance of managing Induction programmes in organistion to provide employees can get advantages both side and. Training and development Bramley's (2003), stated training consists of getting to know and educating workers to do something to result in matters being finished in a different way. Armstrong (2008), defined development is procedure for preparing personnel for future job obligations consisting of formal and casual training, education, mentoring, coaching. For the firms, it is one significant of planning for employees in the in which the organisation guarantee that each one of the representatives below its wing are simply efficient to add value to the company. The company responds to those types of issues by adding a formal structure and functional specialists, which include HRM managers (Buller et all, 2003, p. 324). Benefits of Training and Development According to The Economic Times,(2015), there are several reasons of importance for training and development. Wagner,(2000), said Companies that are offering the training and development programs for their workers are likely to achieve high level of employee satisfaction and low employee turnover. By providing training and development programmes, employee can improve their weakness. To be specific, every individual has weaknesses, so when it is addressed by offering those programmes then they could know their problem and get confidence in work they do now which meant they can improve job performance. In addition, it affects employee satisfaction and self-driven because they already have confidence of their working and know what to do. As a result, for employer and employees, they could increase productivity. Recognition and reward According to Workforce, (2013), In fact, a 2012 study by the practice Aon Hewitt examined the link between corporations monetary performance and worker engagement and located a one mathematical notation increase in workers World Health Organization became engaged resulted in an exceedingly 0.6% growth in sales. The 2013 Trends in world worker Engagement report checked out knowledge from 2008 to 2012 from ninety four world firms with nearly nine million workers. This system can also enhance the way to facilitate change or help suited company values, along with a point on the purchaser. For instance, Information from Wiley, (2015), shows that BHP Billiton provide awards inclusive of health, protection, the surroundings and community to workers to realise individual who show company values and move beyond their every day process necessities to care for their fellow employees, the network and the surroundings. It shows importance for the company to make recognition and reward programmes to provide employees and increase the profit and productivity of employee by managing HRM effectively in organisation. Performance management A process which contributes to the powerful control of people and teams with view to achieving high levels of organisational performance (Armstrong and Baron, 2004).It has a considerable position to play in enhancing organisational success by way of making sure that all people apprehend their expected contribution to enterprise goals and are inspired and equipped with the abilties and assist to gain this (CIPD, 2015). So it should be strategic, intergrated. HR role in performance management However, there is issue about performance management. According to HR magazine, (2015), agencies require 20% development in performance from employees to guarantee that the company purpose is met, but the past 15 years have seen only approximately 10% development. Survey from CIPD about Employee Outlook Survey, (2014), discovered over 30% for employees in the United Kingdom believe the overall performance procedure in their organization is unfair. According to, Badendoch and Clark, (2012), supports this, showing that 37% about employees agree with appraisals are a waste of time and do now not help towards their profession development. HR has been aware of this now for decades, but has didn't fix what historically damaged framework is. 3.Termination According to Wiley, (2015), termination can be defined as when employees leave a specific working environment, ending the relationship of employment. It is generally directed via the human resources supervisor, who has to guarantee that representatives are treated both fairly and in the law. There are numerous reasons why workers leave an organization which includes retirement, dismissal and redundancy. However, specifically, it is able to be classified because the different types of separation into two categories: voluntary and involuntary. Retirement and dismissal, redundancy According to Wiley, (2015), Retirement is whilst employees voluntarily leave the firm. Till the mid-Eighties, it became not unusual for guys to retire when they reached 65 years of age and women after they reached 60 years of age. As regulation modified in the 1990s, there has been no official retirement age. Now they can pick out after they would really like to retire that's voluntary. However there is tragedy approximately voluntary retirement inevitably due to monetary recession. As an example, according to Korea herald, (2015), it says, with the global financial meltdown and other tragedy blocking business prospects, the company became the subject of market concerns from late 2012-2013, when the companys core slipped into the red. Doosan Infracore which is a key Doosan affiliates, has asked all 3,000 staffs to use for voluntary retirement programmes that give 12-20 months of earnings. There will be situation when the employees make unacceptable behavior and it then will become necessary for an organisation to terminate the employment contract of that employee. Therefore, deciding on employees for dismissal is probably unstable and requires awareness of law and business agreements to avoid legal action. The organization must give employees reasonable notice and comply with procedures established in law involving the unfair dismissal. So, it's very vital for company to manage the company effectively. However, there is unfair dismissal instance. For instance, according to independent, (2016), A Tesco worker was dismissed for eating eggs, beans, toast and sausages and not immediately paying for them. The employee in canteen explained that staffs are not allowed to carry cash while working. In evidence, former employees explained there has been no strict policy about meals could be paid for by staff after consumption. Consequently, employee who was dismissed got reward from Tesco. This situation indicates that the significance of managing dismissal employees because failing to manage their employees, it cause losing money and reputation. 4.Regulation of Employment cycle According to Department for Business innovation Skills, (2013), legislation did affect practices to some extent, employers especially commenting on: Employment legislation on people management is important to take care of organization and meeting the demand as per the creative management. The important continues to hold and work on behavioral dynamics for problem solving and prioritizing the maximized outputs. The situations need to work on issues and all improper conducts with the performance issues. The effective investigation is based on gathering and allowing to assess for reducing stress with changing the short time work processes (Boxall, 2013). The people management works on motivation and improvement of communication standards based on performance system. The skills are valued to take care of all the employee health which supports to conduct and handle the values with the maximized skills and reducing all the stress taking action. Equality regulation, in that employer developed practices to demonstrate that their reason for selecting among applicants were no longer discriminatory; Eligibility to work: employers that recruited migrant employees, as well as the ones in certain sectors, mainly finance and security, were required to perform specifically historical past assessments before taking over staff. Agency workers Directive: the changes to company workers rights after 12 weeks discouraged employers from using organization employees for longer-term roles, deciding on as a substitute to use fixed-term contracts. Legal aspects of Recruitment and selection The importance of Fairness According to Brighton Hove city council, (2013), every employee has responsibility of legal to guarantee that no discrimination happen in the recruitment and selection process due to sex, race, disability, age, sexual orientation and faith. Equality of opportunity is an indispensable part of the recruitment and selecting system, and to this quit employers may also provide training and encouragement to any under-represented group. Ensure a strategic and effective approach to the management of people of employment cycle The HRM policies needs to work on the four Cs of commitment, competency and effectiveness of cost and congruence which will help in setting the work to enhance communication and commitment (Boxall, 2013). The mapping of all the skills try to work on handling the policies which evolve important cost effective terms based on technology and management. The communication skills need to be focused on for a better training and sales. The recruitment should focus on the knowledge of product and whether the employee has worked on all the market offerings and changing trends of the market. This will enhance a complete changing knowledge in the workplace. (Smith et al., 2015). The retailing factor works on monetary benefits and different prospective of growth and enrichment of job factor. This will help in properly managing the employment cycle, with certain rewarding and recognition as per the behavioral impact (Mabey, 1998). The performance is based on growth and opportunity which directs to satisfying all the rewards of responsibility and recognition pattern. Conclusion There are effect functions where the HR conducts functions for the annual performance of all the goals and different programs of development. The approach to handle the HR and IT development programs work over handling all the incentives and processes which can change and create the gulf of organization strategy. The packages and the organization work on periodic meetings to handle all the relative aligned patterns of the corporative objectives. The design phase are based on maintaining the collection of data and process the scorecards to evaluate the performance of the people. (Smith et al., 2015). The communication process works on supporting all the responsibility plans to percolate up through the organization and handle the strategic execution for executing and creating a better HR training plan. The supervision of budgets are planned under the responsibility with the different functional units (Fombrun, 1984). The alignment process and handling the review strategy directs to set ting the development and formulation of entire planning framework. This will set the conduction of all the plans and organize the strategic meetings as per the performance formulation system. The communication strategy is for understand all the support to democratize the existing responsibility (Mabey, 1998). The management of all the strategic initiatives screen, select and manage to drive the changes with better production of results. You have covered some of the individual components of the employment cycle but your answer would be further enhanced by providing some discussion of ensuring integration of the different elements of the cycle to ensure a strategic and effective approach to the management of people. In addition your discussion of employment legislation could be more precise by focusing briefly on the impact of employment legislation on people management. Finally a conclusion stressing the overall importance of an integrated approach to the management of people would be beneficial. Strategic and effective approach to the management of people. Is hrm a strategic approach to managing people business essay Human resource management concept has a claim that it is strategic in its approach while managing people at work place."The concept of HRM is often defined as a strategic approach to the management of an organisation's most valued assets- the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of its objectives for sustainable competitive advantage". (Armstrong M, 1994).HRM emphasis on few aspects that are, interests of management, keeping strategic approach , achieving value addition for the organisation from people with the help of human resource development. Furthermore performance management, gaining commitment toward the aim and objective of the organisation, requirement of strong corporate culture as well as maintaining coherence in HR policies and practices. HRM is oriented to business, where the concern is for proper management of people in order to add value to achieve competitive advantage for the organisation. HRM is appealing to management because with the help of human as resources and technology it competes at the global level. HRM can be regarded as a "Set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning" (Storey 1989). Human resource has been strategic in its approach while managing the crucial resource people which are important for any organisation. The essay discusses the approaches which are the evidence of HRM having strategic approach. The rationale behind having strategic approach in HRM is discussed. Models and theories are used to understand the strategic aspect of HRM. First the relevance of Harvard model is explained in relation to soft approach of HRM. Furthermore the literal meaning of strategy is explained and matching model is put forward in relation to hard approach of HRM. In addition to it classical and emergent strategy are explained and four fold model is understood with its help. Concurrently Porter's model is analysed with reference to HRM philosophy. While going t hrough these theories their relevance in workplace is assessed in supporting the claim that HRM represents a strategic approach to managing people. Human resource management has strategic approach it refers to the overall direction the organisation wishes to pursue in achieving its objectives through people. Human resource strategy deals with long term effects on employment and development of people. It also concern with relationship between management and staff. The strategies related to HRM focuses on people issues which affect the strategic plan of the organisation. Strategic HRM deals with structure, values, culture, quality, commitment, performance, competence and management development. It deals with specific issues of the organisation which needs to be altered or attended for organisations benefit. The issues should be related to people that is training motivation reward, flexibility team working and stable employee relations. The explanation about the HRM strategies clearly reflects that HRM adapts to strategic approach when it is managing people. Human resource is intangible in its character so to manage it, strategic a pproach is essential. In its origin HRM is considered to be proactive, and long term employee commitment is integral to it. Harvard framework consists of six components which treats HRM as an entire system. As said by (Beer M, 1985) components are situational factors-which shape the environment within which organisations operate. Stake holder interests-it's about trade off that occurs between employer and employee. HRM policies, HR outcomes, long term consequences and a feedback are the component. Policies are related to HR flows, reward system and work systems.HR outcomes are commitment, competence, cost effectiveness, congruence. Long term consequences are employment and growth. Feedback creates a loop which keeps the continuity Harvard frame work had horizontal alignment it acknowledge role for alternative stakeholder interests-including government and community. The approach has been very positive and had a broader perspective. . Thus it can be seen at very initial level HRM has a set pattern of dealing with human resources. This model of HRM is the 'soft' model because it focuses on management of 'resourceful humans' assuming that employees are valued assets and a source of competitive advantage through their skills and abilities. (Storey J. , 2007). In the soft model staff is managed where managers engender commitment and loyalty to achieve high level of performance. The soft model considers that the most important is to promote level of employee motivation, commitment and satisfaction which in turn provide excellent performance. The rationale behind HRM being strategic is that it rests on the perceived advantage of managing people in organisation for long term gain, with the help of agreed and understood basis for developing the human resource. The logic of the strategies is that they integrate the need of both organisation and people when human resource is managed. Management of people is the key to achieve competitive edge in the competitive global market. When we talk about managing people in workplace strategy is bound to occur. "Strategy is derived from the word 'strategos' which mean, a general, who organises, leads and direct his forces to the most advantageous position" (Bracker, 1980). If we talk about strategy in business world the top management leads the organisation to get its goal achieved, its vision attained and its position in the society in a given environment. If we look at the universal model it stress the importance of top management commitment to key HR practices. This model assumes the re are 'best HR practices' which ensures success of organisation irrespective of circumstances. The model explain the link between organisational strategy and HR strategy, it advocates that this involves top management giving 'HR practices the profile they deserve in the senior management process (Boxall, 2003). Other model is matching model which has different approach from universal model. Matching model (closed) approach specifies HR policies and practices which are relevant to specific organisational situations. In this model there is a clear and mutually supported relationship between organisational strategy and HR strategy, this relationship gives rise to the implementation of specific HR initiatives. "The match between the organisational strategy and HR strategy is closed and prescribed in the sense that a particular type of organisational strategy suggests the need for a specific HR strategy and set of practices" (Fombrun, 1984). Matching model (open) argues the existence of a clear and mutually supportive relationship between organisational strategy and HR strategy. This is different from the closed model because according to this model HR strategy initiatives should not be prescribed but should be left open. "In other words, the test of the degree to which the HR strategy is truly 'strategic' is a test of its appropriateness to the organisational strategy" (Mabey, 1998). These models explain that the nature of HRM is strategic in its approach while managing people in the work place. Matching model highlights the resource aspect of HRM where the optimum utilisation of human resource is done to achieve organisational objective. Hence is considered to be 'hard' model. "The 'hard' model stresses the links between business and HR strategies and the crucial importance of a tight fit between the two" (Fombrun, 1984). In other words organisations consider human resource like other resources and intend to obtain cheaply and exploit fully for its profit maximi sation. Labour is co modified although it may be treated well when conditions are favourable and labour is short in supply to fulfil organisational goal. In contrast organisation will make them redundant when its value is less than the expectation. In spite of being hard in its approach this strategy gave initial framework to subsequent theories. In some cases the approach is top down whereas in other it is prescriptive in nature. The approach of HR is even open to the situation within the given conditions of the organisations but the common factor is that all the models had systematic approach in dealing with people in the work place. Strategies are innate for HRM they can be deliberate or emergent. When HRM is managing people and has the corporate and business mission it can comprehend and deliberately make certain strategies .Where as in other situation they emerge with the progress in the organisation. The classical perspective of managing human resource has its strategies which are deliberate .According to (Chandler, 1962) "Structure of an organisation Flowed with its growth strategy" .'Classical' strategic management process has certain principal elements .The approach establishes the long term direction of the organisation, it assess the product market and geographical location within which business can prosper. Whereas analyse the external environment while identifying possible opportunities and threats. Approach is deliberate with the intent to elevate the organisation with the help of sustained competitive advantage. Moreover having a mission statement and objective for the organisation helps in creating competence. Determining the scope of organisation whether it will be in primary sector or expand itself is important aspect for strategising. It is important to set specific goals and examine alternative choices. Conducting an internal organisational analysis by doing SWOT can equip the organisation to understand the nature of existing management systems, competencies, and capabilities. (Grant, 2008) Argues that the "best -equipped strategists have a profound understanding of the competitive environment and are able concurrently to systematically appraise the resources available to them". Operational activities have effect of top management decisions. Expansion plan merger or takeover all such decisions play an important role in strategy making. Adoption / implementation of chosen choices are critical factor for strategy making. Entrepreneurs have certain image about the organisation and it is vital to be known at the time of developing and implementing strategy. "Appreciating that the values and expectations of senior decision-makers play a sizeable part in the development of strategy because it is how they choose to interpret advice about external and internal resources that ultimately shapes strategic decisions" (Lovas, 2000). Strategies operate at three levels corporate, business and operational level. Firstly it's about the scope of the organisation, structure, financing and distribution of resources. Next is how organisation compete in the given market conditions with the help of product development and customer satisfaction. Finally it's about how all the subunits -Marketing, finance, manufacturing are involved in forming strategies. If we summarise the classical approach of making strategy it rely on senior managers who determine the best plan and to be implemented for gaining competitive advantage in chosen market situation. Hence it proves that even in classical approach human as a resource is managed in strategic way when it strategise at corporate level. We have examined that the development of resources is done to gain competitive advantage and is strategised properly. When SWOT is done the human resource is evaluated in its strengths and weaknesses. This approach proves to be beneficial for the organisation but it has hard variant of HRM. Later in the essay when the four fold model is discussed we can appreciate even the 'Hard' variant when with appropriate mixture of 'Soft' variant Alternative approach to classical is emergent in its nature. The strategy is analysed as emergent from the organisational progress. (Quinn, 1980).Regards the most effective strategies as those that tend to "emerge step by step from an iterative process in which the organisation probes the future, experiments, and learns from a series of partial (incremental) commitments rather than through a global formulation of total strategies". Decisions in the organisation are taken by the people and these people have their opinion which influences the strategy. Problems in organisation occur due to the changes in environment; there is a possibility that any specific strategy can prove best in a particular situation whereas it can be a failure in different situations. (Mintzberg, 1987) "Notion of strategy being crafted evokes ideas of skill and judgement, as well as people working together to make sense of confusing situations before reaching a conclusion that appears to offer a way forward". Th is clearly states that people are managed in a systematic way to deliver results in the workplace. People's skill and their actions in a particular situation help in forming strategy. Classical approach and emergent approach both are individually incomplete. Because one means no learning and other mean no control. Mix of both of these can be beneficial for organisation; to exercise some control while fostering learning. (Whittington, 1993) present four generic approaches to strategy formation. These approaches can be helpful in understanding the complexities and multidimensional features that any strategy has. The two outcomes are profit maximisation and pluralistic whereas strategy formulation is emergent or deliberate. Classical approach delivers profit maximisation due to the deliberate effort of senior manager here the analogy of general can be given. This approach reflects the literal meaning of strategy where top down approach is visible. Evolutionary approach is also having p rofit maximisation but is emergent in nature. This strategy is seen as a product of market forces in this only the competitive few exists. "Competitive advantage is the essence of competitive strategy. It encompasses those capabilities, resources, relationships and decisions which permit an organisation to capitalise on opportunities in the market place and to avoid threats to its desired position" (Lengnick-Hall, 1990).In Processual approach is pluralistic and emergent ,the manager is not clear about the profit maximisation what should be the optimum level of output targeted. There is lot of confusion within the organisation .Strategies appear in small steps at irregular intervals from the practical process of learning, negotiating and compromising instead of clear series of steps (Quinn, 1980). Processual view takes Micro political perspective considering that organisation has tensions and contradictions within it. There are rivalries and conflicting goals, and with behaviour that seek to achieve personal and departmental objectives (Pettigrew, 1973). Strategic plan are thus necessary and important for the organisation. Systemic approach is pluralistic and deliberate; the strategy shaped by social system in which it is embedded. Class, gender, legal regulation, and educational system have their effect on how employer and employee behave. (Granovetter, 1985).The organisation need to have its strategy made according to the people on whom the business is dependent. People with different culture react differently, while managing people in work place their environment needs to be studied. The implementation of any strategy can only be successful if external factors are managed properly. Outcomes Profit maximisingWhittington's typology of strategy As we are always expanding we are looking to grow our team of freelance writers. To find out more about writing with us then please check our freelance writing jobs page. Classical Evolutionary Emergent Processes Deliberate Processual Systemic Pluralistic These strategies and their links with HRM explains that in classical perspective it is unproblematic because making decisions and cascading this through the managerial hierarchy to shopfloor and implementing to achieve goal is a direct process. Whereas in evolutionary view primacy is upon market forces situation it becomes complicated to respond instantly where the promptness to satisfy customer is required. In processual perspective there is lack of communication, tension within management, or challenges which may be mounted by workers in such situations HRM styles also emerge in a fragmented manner. However in systematic approach HR cannot be very functional if the social norms and function are ignored. To implement HR practices globally it has to cater according to local need. Finally HRM has to be strategic in its approach while managing people in workplace. The strategy may vary but it is essential. "Strategic human resource management encompasses those decisions and actions whi ch concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (Miller, 1989). HRM strategies are useful even in turbulent environment it translate business need into policies. Looking at this model and discussing four folds we can observe that HRM plays a very crucial role in appropriately balancing these variants by managing people in workplace strategically. HRM moves on the double edged sword where it has to prove itself to be result oriented to organisation and has to be compassionate enough to employees to get the work done in the most efficient manner. In an organisation the goals of the company tells where a business wants to go. Whereas strategy answers how it plans to get there. (Porter, 1985) Condensed three starting point for strategic thinking. Overall cost leadership-here the business works hard to achieve the lowest costs of production and distribution so that it can price lower than its competitors and win a large market share. Differentiation-here the business concentrates on achieving superior performance in some important customer benefit area valued by the market as a whole. Focus- here the business focuses on one or more narrow market segments rather than going after the whole market. Various HRM combinations can be adopted by organisations to support Porter's model. (Schuler, !989) has identified corresponding HRM policies to Porters model. They are 'accumulation'-selection of good candidates on the basis of personality instead of technical efficiency.' Utilisation'- selection of individual on the basis of technical fit. Facilitation- selection of employees on the ability to work together in collaborative situations. The emphasis on 'external fit' is important to implement these philosophies. External fit mean organisational strategy leading individual HR practices that interact with organisational strategy in order to improve Organisational performance. Quality strategy will require combination of accumulation and facilitation HRM policies to acquire, maintain, and retain core competencies. Cost reduction strategy will implement utilisation HRM philosophy have short term contracts and do external pay comparability. If organisation wants to adopt innovation strategy it will require facilitation HRM philosophy which needs to bring out the best of existing staff. According to external fit philosophy good HR practice is dependent on the organisation's strategy. With the analysis of this model it can be claimed that HRM represents a strategic approach to managing people in the work place. In brief we can say that when HRM deals with people it is kept in mind that it needs to be strategic in approach. Human as resource is intangible in nature HRM use certain models and theories to get the appropriate strategy set up. As we have discussed several models HRM can use any of them to maintain its competitive image in the organisation. Most important is that HRM manage people at workplace where organisation's goal is vital, thus strategy is required. References: Armstrong M, L. P. (1994). The Reality Of Strategic HRM. London: British library cataloguing in publication Data. Beer M, S. B. (1985). Human Resource Management; a general managers perspective. Glencoe: free press. Boxall, P. (2003). Strategy and human resource management. Macmillian. Bracker, j. (1980). The historical development of the strategic management concept. Academy of management review , 219-224. Chandler, A. (1962). Strategy and structure:Chapter in history of American industrial enterprise. Cambridge: MIT press. Fombrun, C. (1984). Strategic Human Resource Management. New York: John Wiley. Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure:the problem of embeddedness. American journal of sociology . Smith, M. J., Fleming, M. F., Wright, M. A., Roberts, A. G., Humm, L. B., Olsen, D., Bell, M. D. (2015). Virtual reality job interview training and 6-month employment outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia seeking employment.Schizophrenia Research. Grant, R. (2008). Contemporary Strategy Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell. j, S. (1989). From personnel management to human resource management. New perspectives on Human Resource Managenent . Lengnick-Hall, c. (1990). Interactive human resource management and strategic planning. Lovas, B. (2000). Strategy as guided evolution. Strategic Resource Journal , 875-896. Mabey, c. j. (1998). Human Resource Management:A Strategic Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell. Miller, p. (1989). Strategic human resource management:what it is and what it isn't. Personnel management , 46-51. Mintzberg, H. (1987). Crafting strategy. Harvard Business Review , 66-75. Pettigrew, A. (1973). Tthe politics of organisational decision making. Llondon. Porter, M. (1985). Competitive advantage:creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. Quinn, j. (1980). Strategies for change:Logical incrementalism. Schuler, R. (!989). Strategic human resource management and industrial relations. Human relations , 157-184. Storey, j. (1987). Devlopments in the management of human resources: an interim report. Warwick Papers on Industrial Relations . Storey, J. (2007). Human resource management: A critical text. London: Thomson. Whittington, R. (1993). What is Strategy and Does it Matter? London: Routledge.

The Sultans of Kabult free essay sample

The Kite Runner is an epic story centered around Amir, a 12 year old boy living in 1970s Kabult, Afganistan with his father, Baba. Amir is a one of a kind character in the sense that you have completely different views and opinions of him following every couple of chapters; this is due to the constant changing of his sense of belonging, his perception of his father, and the way he sees Afghanistan. When these changes occure, he becomes mature and learns that the world is going to change one way or another, he also sees the beauty of his youth that he has come to know a place of freedom, life, and solidarity turn into nothing but violence and fear amoung the living citizens of Afghanistan after Russia invaded during the 1970s. Amirs sense of belonging in the world plays a huge part in everything that occures in the book. In early 1970s Afghanistan, Amir doesnt see himself in Babas life once so ever; he feels incredibly jealous due to his father showing more attention to Hasson on different occasions and feels hes being bought out by his father in order to replace 1 on 1 time with him considering they never have that time throughout the entire length of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sultans of Kabult or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His desperation for Babas attention causes him to act irrationally and turns on Hasson by planting his watch under Hassons pillow which causes him to some what get in trouble with Baba. Then time skips to the year 2,000 now taking place in San Francisco, at this time Amir has just graduated college and is enjoying a celebratory beer with Baba. By this time Amir couldnt care less about getting attention from his dad, it will always be in the back of his mind but he gave up and moved on with his life. Their relationship at this time is more of a buddy buddy friendship rather then a father son one. Even with the dad not really giving that much attention to Amir, hes made it clear that he is very much so proud of his sons achievements, its debatable that he cares about Afghanistan rising from the ashes, cause by Russia, more than anything else in the world. Through out the entire book he teaches amir about Afganistan pride and how to never forget where he came from rather than teaching him whats right and wrong. Amirs views of Afghanistan is dramatically changed as the tie period shifts from 20th century Afghan, to 21st century Afghan. As a young boy he seen Afghanistant as a beautiful place with no worries, no problems, and the ability to be care free; excluding his relationship issues between him and Baba and the racist bullies this is shown through how much he talks about and cares for Afghanistan. His feelings come out through his actions: the amount of compassion he shows for the sport of kite flying, the carving into the branch saying The Sultans of Kabult, and how badly his heart is broken when he sees what Afghanistan has become when he comes back for his nephew in the 21st century. Upon Amirs arival into Kabult, he is in utter shock and in disbelief when he sees how his place of youth and purity has turned into a place rittered with violence and chaos. To make it worse the god like character of the movie, his brother Hasson, died a week before his arrival by a gunshot when defend ing the things that meant the world to him: his son Sohrab, wife Farzana, and his homeland (Kabult, Afghanistan). Amirs sense of belonging stimulates from which point of time hes in: during 1970s Afghanistan, his only sense of belonging is getting the full undivided attention of his father instead of the attention going to Hasson. He wants to reach this goal so desperately that he chucks pomagranits at Hasson, tries to get get him fired by his own dad, and allows him to get raped by a bunch of bullies that Hasson protects Amir from. Amir in the 21st century is a confident college graduate who gives unconventional love to Baba and Farzana. Rather than seeking attention, he is now simply enjoying life itself and is living without regrets even though his life in Afghanistan will always be in the back of his mind his sense of belonging is giving his full attention to Farzana by caring for her, writing more stories for them both to enjoy, and in a way preserving the pride that lies amoung the citizens of Kabult; he does this by making sure his relationship status stays within his heritage (Amir is not a racist, he just prefers a partner who has the same cultural background as he does, someone who speaks his language/ in no way is he like the indivisuals who raped Hasson), going back to his homeland to rescue his nephew, and doing so without any fear thou he has yet to see what has become of Kabult over the years since he moved to America nor worries and is optimistic about what the future lies for him, his blood family, and the country of Afghanistan. Later on in the year 2,000, Amir has return from Kabult to San Francisco with his nephew, Sohrab. Amir dedicates this part of his life treating Sohrab the same way Hasson treated him as a kid: with care, the need to protect, and the love that only a father/best friend can give, or even love that can only be given by a godly source (assuming that a God exists). Amir is a character that can only be explained through his emotions and the state of mind he is in during all three points of time: 1970s Kabult, 21st century San Francisco, and late 2,000 when he goes and comes back to and from Kabult, Afghanistan. His sense of belonging, his perception Baba, and the way he views Afghanistan changes dramatically through out the entire book. As a complicated character, Amir deserves admiration for learning from every single mistake he has made in the past and putting it into his current life in order to hae a bright future with a conforting and warming family in peace and harmony (Hassons life is being lived through Amir, another God reference, more over a Jesus reference).

How does Shakespeare Create Comedy in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example

How does Shakespeare Create Comedy in A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example How does Shakespeare Create Comedy in A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper How does Shakespeare Create Comedy in A Midsummer Nights Dream Paper Essay Topic: Literature I am writing an essay based on the several ways Shakespeare creates comedy in A Midsummer Nights Dream. I will start by explaining the visual humour first, followed by the aural humour and ending with my conclusion that gives an overall evaluation of Shakespeares presentation of humour in this play. Doing this I will hope to find out how a contemporary audience still finds the play humorous just as an Elizabethan audience did four hundred years ago. Plays are meant to be performed and therefore the visual aspect of them is very important when examining an aspect of the play. They are not like books where the reader must imagine the pictures in his/her head. Some plays can be performed over the radio but they rely completely on aural skills to be appreciated. A Midsummer Nights Dream would lose much of its humour were the audience only able to listen to it. There is a lot of visual humour to be appreciated within this play. An example of this is when the lovers chase each other through the woods. Both men, Lysander and Demetrius, are in love with only one woman, Hermia. Helena just follows Demetrius like a lost puppy, obsessively declaring her love for him. Demetrius: Ill run from thee, and hide me in the brakes, and leave thee to the mercy of wild beasts. Helena: The wildest hath not such a heart as you. Run when you will. The story shall be changed. No matter how repulsed Demetrius seems, Helena will not take no for an answer and maintains stalking him throughout the woods. After Lysander falls in blind love with Helena, she becomes suspicious and confused making it impossible for the audience not to laugh when Hermia and Helena provide one of the most comical scenes of the play, the catfight. Together they scream amusing accusations to each other as then men start to fight. Hermia: O me, you juggler, you canker-blossom, you thief of love. What, have you come by night and stolen my loves heart from him? Helena: Have you no modesty, no maiden shame, no touch of bashfulness? What, will you tear impatient answers from my gentle tongue? Fie, fie, you counterfeit, you puppet, you! An Elizabethan audience as well as a contemporary audience would have found this hilarious, considering how this it is such a weak argument. Shakespeare also shows a great deal of hilarity when all of the Elizabethan workmen take a shot at acting. Bottom recommends a prologue, to show he is in reality Bottom and the lion was in fact snug the joiner so that the ladies would not become frightened and hysterical. He suggested they also cut out all the fighting. This would make the play look very funny considering the play was essentially based on fighting. To top off the whole performance, the men play the rolls of the ladies, and attempt high-pitched voices just to feel the part. Bottom, in my opinion, is the funniest character in the whole. For instance, they are all in the forest and are each given part to play. Bottom is given the part of Pyramus, the manly man that would be perfect for him. is given the part of Thisby, but Bottom jumps at the chance and pleads to get this part and virtually every other part Quince assigns. Its funny the way he over-performs each part to be in the spotlight. Whilst A Midsummer Nights Dream is visually comic, a lot would be lost were there no sound to go with it. The play is rich in Shakespeares language as a tool for creating comedy. I am now going to explore the various ways that the language is used to this effect. A lot of enjoyable malapropism is in this play. Bottom displays this plenty of times when rehearsing and performing the play. Annoying Quince, he tends to say ninny quite a lot of times instead of Ninus, ninny meaning stupid or foolish. Quince also makes the same mistake when Bottoms head is turned into an ass head. Quince confuses his words and tells him thou art translated when really he intended to say transformed. Bottom says, What do you see? You see an ass-head of your own do you? This is ironic, bearing in mind only the audience can see that he himself has the head of an ass and he just happens to come out with this. His voice as a donkey is very funny and husky in comparison to Titanias gentle voice, and when she speaks to him as though is any ordinary person, it will leave the audience in hysterics. The four lovers bring aural comedy into the play with their content of language. Just the manner of the words Demetrius uses is enough to make anyone laugh when he says; I would rather feed his (Lysanders) carcass to my hounds. Shakespeare has took a pleasant man and fed him funny language used in context in this way. Hermia gets labelled a lot of things, and all because of her size. One of the things Lysander identifies her with, is a bead. But he does not stop there, and continues to compare her with an acorn of all things. I believe the whole play relies on every form of comedy. It would not have the same hysteria if it had only the aural comedy and equally the other way round with Visual humour. I dont feel that the play would have had as much of a humorous affect if it had a miserable ending. The audience would see the unhappy ending and have that fixed in their head blocking out the funny side of the play. Shakespeares made this play comical by using witty humour, offending characters in an amusing way and even providing visual hilarious scenes that not only an Elizabethan audience would find funny but a contemporary audience would, just as much. But saying that, there were a lot of scenes where it just wouldnt be funny to a contemporary audience because the humour has matured a lot more than it wouldve been in the sixteenth century. For example, all the men who played the womens parts, this would be extremely amusing for a sixteenth century audience because in those days things were different and it was uncommon. An audience today would have seen this so many times in reality that the funny side of it would have just worn off. I personally only found slight parts of the book funny and the video moderately funny. Whether Id find the film funny or not I think relies totally on the director and whether he feels the comedy he adds in is appropriate or pointless. Hes the only one who can decide the comedy involved in the play and just hope the audience enjoy it.

Aristotle’s views on slavery

Aristotles views on slavery Ancient Greek society generally, and therefore classical Athens, even when it was a ‘democracy’, was bored in slavery, an institution which Aristotle did not consider to be unjust and which he defends in book I of his Politics. This essay will focus on why Aristotle spent so much time on the subject of slavery. Also he claims that woman should not be treated the same as slaves, I would like to discuss the grounds in which he makes this distinction. What is the difference between conventional slavery and natural slavery? And most importantly what is the effect of Aristotle’s argument on conventional slavery? Aristotle’s views on slavery are to the modern mind morally objectionable. Many find them poorly argued and incompatible with more fundamental tenants of his system[1]. Aristotle raises the question of whether slavery is natural or conventional. In his writing he insists that the former is the case. Is theory insists that some people are naturally slave s and some are naturally masters, thus he says: â€Å"But is there any one thus intended by nature to be a slave, and for whom such a condition is expedient and right, or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature?†[2]. It is not hard to answer this question, on the basis of reason and fact. For it is clear that it is necessary for some to rule and other be ruled from the hour of their birth, some are marked for subjection and some to rule. However, it may seem that those who are ruled must be slaves but this is not true at all. It seems clear that in the situation between a slave and a master, the master does not treat the slave as an equal, or as he wishes to be treated, as no one would willingly allow themselves to be enslaved. By implication this would mean that the relationship between ‘master’ and ‘slave’ is an unjust one, which in turn violates Aristotle’s fundamental principal of justice. However Aristotle states that this would o nly be the case if master and slave were indeed truly equal. In fact, however they are not. Because not only is the slave not an Athenian citizen but in addition the master is the superior of the natural slave in a number of respects e.g. possession of reason, wisdom, capacity for autonomous action etc. All of which are qualities that Aristotle associates with ‘humanity’, and all of which in his view are lacking in those who are natural slaves[3]. Aristotle says: â€Å"Where then there is such a difference as that between soul and body, or between men and animals (as in the case of those whose business is to use their body, and who can do nothing better), the lower sort are by nature slaves, and it is better for them as for all inferiors that they should be under the rule of a master. For he who can be, and therefore is, another’s and he who participates in rational principle enough to apprehend, but not to have, such a principle, is a slave by nature. Whereas t he lower animals cannot even apprehend a principle; they obey their instincts. And indeed the use made of slaves and of tame animals is not very different; for both with their bodies minister to the needs of life. Nature would like to distinguish between the bodies of freemen and slaves, making the one strong for servile labor, the other upright, and although useless for such services, useful for political life in the arts both of war and peace. But the opposite often happens–that some have the souls and others have the bodies of freemen. And doubtless if men differed from one another in the mere forms of their bodies as much as the statues of the Gods do from men, all would acknowledge that the inferior class should be slaves of the superior. And if this is true of the body, how much more just that a similar distinction should exist in the soul? but the beauty of the body is seen, whereas the beauty of the soul is not seen. It is clear, then, that some men are by nature free , and others slaves, and that for these latter slavery is both expedient and right.†[4]

English Language Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

English Language Learners - Essay Example The major education reform issue stemming from this perspective is that "bridges" must be created between the repertoire of students and forms of knowledge and behavior accepted within classrooms and the school. Building connections between schools and homes and communities is likely to be a necessary component in improving schooling success. There is a need to build multiple forms of connections. Two important goals are to strengthen parents' and community members' participation in the education of children and to improve the quality of instruction offered students. Yet a third goal may emerge as very important and that is to devise learning opportunities for parents so that they may improve their literacy and schooling knowledge and opportunity to help their children progress in school (Baker, 2001). This focus is not meant to imply lesser importance to parental and community involvement in schooling decisions and indeed the latter deserves separate attention in a broader, more systematic discussion of interventions. Everyday survival is dependent upon "funds of knowledge" or sociocultural capital that is exchanged among community members as they go about everyday activities. Funds of kno wledge are exemplified by skills required in everyday activities and chores of life, such as childcare, purchasing goods and appliances, repairing equipment and cars, dealing with institutions such as hospitals, banks, etc (Crawford, 1995). The survival of family and community in the everyday world requires making sense out of the world and requires cooperation among community members in resolving everyday needs and problems. Schools are critical. Many educators advise bilingual families avoid a native language usage and help their children to master a new language. They are settings where many of the skills for real world survival are learned (Crawford, 1995). This appreciation is missing for students because of the failure of schools to draw these connections into the curriculum and because bilingual students do not see the ways in which their own family-community experiences are related to schooling. Building ties between funds of knowledge in families, communities, and schools appears promising in that it can provide bilingual students with a way to see how school learning fits into the everyday experiences of family and community members. Extensions of such work to bridge connections between foreign students and other communities and institutions would also appear to be just as promising. Other institutional contexts worthy of attention include college and university connections to elementary and high schools and industry connections to home and community settings (Baker, 2001). Resources for language acquisition involve peer groups and roles models, home support and classroom interaction, motivation and community programs for bilingual children. Recent years, more attention to ways in which the everyday world of students is connected to schooling in and of itself will not ensure that students learn in classroom settings (Baker, 2001). The very nature of classroom activities needs to be reconceptualized and cast from within more effective models of teaching and learning (Crawford, 1995). While research on effective instruction has

Analyzing Diversity and Learning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing Diversity and Learning - Coursework Example As a human being, I would like to acknowledge that each and every person is affiliated to certain culture. Once one is born in a society, one automatically inherits the cultural practices of the people within that locality. In this regard, educational programs should always be designed to cater for cultural diversities. Meaning, all learners should be taught without showing any disregard to their culture. If it is done, education would be made democratic and important for promoting equality to all regardless of their background (Levinson & Ember, 1996). During my time as a student, I got an opportunity to interact with learners from different backgrounds. Being that my school and classroom was composed of the native whites, foreigners and the Asian, Latin American and African immigrants, learning was quite interesting. However, this did not bar me from knowing much about my people’s culture. Since our teachers were conscious about our differences, they took all the necessary initiatives to make us be identified with our respective cultural traditions. I believe that my teachers did a great job towards my holistic development. By recognizing and affirming my culture, they were preparing me for life in my society. In fact, it has made me be so successful both in my academic, professional and day to day life. As an educationist, I am aware that educational environments are always composed of people from different cultural backgrounds. Since each and every learner should be treated as an individual, I have been taking it upon myself to ensure that I acknowledge their diversities. In my capacity as an instructor, I do promote equality amongst all my learners. None of these students should be discriminated upon based on their culture. In my class, I always ensure that each and every learner’s culture is safeguarded and not looked down upon (Nieto & Bode, 2012). It is important to

Ogre to Slay, Outsource It to Chinese Essay Example for Free

Ogre to Slay, Outsource It to Chinese Essay David Barbosas brilliantly engages his audience with a catchy title that urges the reader to complete the piece to understand what it is that he is discussing. â€Å"Ogre to Slay? Outsource It to Chinese† is eye-catching and its content and is very thought-provoking and well researched. His preparation for the article includes him finding sources in China, who are engaged in illegal outsourcing of computer game players and contributing to what the Chinese government are attempting to halt, what they call â€Å"internet addiction†. Not only does Barbosas find these valuable sources for information and quote them, he also cites workers in these gaming factories. The effort of his research and concise conclusions to an interesting technological issue makes this piece very well put together and easily readable and understandable to a diverse audience. Barbosas says that this is an issue that spans from â€Å"Seoul to San Francisco† and he is very eloquent in his comparison between the affluent gamers, who are willing to pay Chinese workers to complete initial rounds of computer games and the gamers, themselves, who work 12 hour days, 7 days a week for a mere $250 a month. He does well, also, in showing the change of contrast from what has in history been a clear line between fantasy and reality to illustrate how these lines have blurred. He makes the point of outlining the beginning of the changes in the virtual world of gaming, when gamers began playing others worldwide a few years ago and then when they began becoming so enmeshed with their avatars (or characters that they create), that they pay others to essentially baby-sit them, as the Chinese do or use virtual currency to buy components, such as weapons to help their avatars. Barbosas does well in explaining the complex and intricate world of virtual gaming to even readers, who have no familiarity of the subject. He simultaneously delves into explaining this strange new world while vividly describing the Chinese workers behind the scenes or, more accurately, behind the screens. He paints an interesting picture of what he refers to as, â€Å"virtual sweatshops†. There gamers are playing in dark basements, surrounding by posters of the games they play. These Chinese farmers make up an estimated 40-50% of the gamers involved worldwide in these popular games and it is believed that 1 in 4 internet users in China use their online connection for gaming. In addition to the other staggering statistics Barbosas integrates into his commentary, he integrates what those involved in gaming have to say and what experts share on this issue. One conclusion by an American professor is that this illustrates how the time of Americans is valued more over the time of persons in countries, such as China. In contrast, one owner of a â€Å"sweatshop† believes that if these gamers were not working for him that they would be going back to hard farm work with smaller wages or on the streets. In conclusion, Barbosas shows his journalistic talent in this piece. His research, illustrated by interview citations and statistics, demonstrate his expertise in this strange, technological world. He presents many trends in the world of gaming, in reality versus fantasy, and in the currency involved in these questionable online enterprises. His work is easily readable by a wide audience and his lead-in to the article with it’s catchy title definitely lives up to the interest that title holds.

Essay on Disguised Men and Transformed Women in Taming of the Shrew

Disguised Men and Transformed Women in The Taming of the Shrew      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A recurrent theme in Shakespeare's plays is the idea that things are not always what they seem. The Taming of the Shrew provides a good example of this theme.   In this play we find many discrepancies between what seems to be and what is. We can find these incongruities at many levels as we analyze the three main plot lines of the play: The Induction, The Wooing of Bianca and The Taming of Katherina. Each of these subplots is based on earlier works of literature or folk tradition. Shakespeare is not alone in his choice of "false supposes" as a theme.   According to The Shakespeare Handbook,   Shakespeare adopts the entire narrative [for the Bianca story] complete with some stock characters and some pieces of staging, from George Gasciogne's play Supposes   (1566) a prose version of Aristo's   I Suppositi which is in turn a recycling of one of the standard plots of New Roman comedy as written by Plautus and Terence." (Fox, 97)    Each of Shakespeare's three story lines in the Taming of the Shrew contains examples of both people who pretend to be what they are not and those who become what they were not.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Induction for this play we meet Christophero Sly, a common tinker who is course and rough in both his language and behavior.   His pedestrian station is codified in the usual Shakespearean way: he speaks in prose   (Barron's Book Notes on the World Wide Web).*  Ã‚   When he falls asleep, he is tricked into believing he is lord of the manor. As he starts to believe the trickery, he begins to change and becomes like that which he is "supposed" to be.   At the moment of his realization he even begins to speak in verse, ... ...s kicking and screaming child and starts kicking and screaming right along side him.   While onlookers might find this bizarre, it gets the child's attention and reveals to him just how foolish his own actions are.   By his actions then, the parent wins the child into a more reasonable attitude and behavior.    Works Cited Barton, Ann.   "The Taming of the Shrew." The Riverside Shakespeare 2nd ed. Ed. Dean Johnson et al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.   138-141. Daniel, David. "Shakespeare and the Traditions of Comedy." The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare Studies.   Ed. Stanley Wells. Cambridge:   Cambridge UP, 1987. Fox, Levi, ed.   The Shakespeare Handbook. Boston:   G.K. Hall & Co., 1987. Shakespeare, William. "The Taming of the Shrew." The Riverside Shakespeare 2nd ed. Ed. Dean Johnson et al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.   142-171.      

Quazi

African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(27), pp. 11005-11010, 9 November, 2011 Available online at http://www. academicjournals. org/AJBM DOI: 10. 5897/AJBM11. 326 ISSN 1993-8233  ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Impact of working capital on firms’ profitability Hassan Aftab Qazi1*, Syed Muhammad Amir Shah2, Zaheer Abbas3 and Tanzeela Nadeem4 1 University of Central Punjab, Lahore 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, M. A. Johar Town, Lahore, Pakistan. 2 Illama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3 Islamic International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.Accepted 20 April, 2011 The correlation between working capital and profitability of firms is analyzed for the management of cash cycle management. Working capital is made by the three important factors, debtor, creditor and stock. When we include cash conversion cycle (CCC) to working capital then it becomes working capital management (WCM). Two sectors are selected as a sample size: automobile and oil and gas sector. The time period is from 2004 – 2009. Different variables affecting the profitability of firms are selected.In this study, networking capital, inventory turnover in days, average account receivable and financial asset to total assets (FATA) are taken as independent variables. The result shows positive movement of working capital (WC) on firm’s profitability. R shows the fitness of the model which is 49. 95%. The independent variables explain 49. 95% of the model. Key words: Working capital management (WCM), cash conversion cycle (CCC), account receivable (AR). INTRODUCTION A good number of firms have put sufficient cash in working capital. Working capital management (WCM) is an important factor of financial management (FM).Debtor, creditor and inventory are the major components of working capital (WC). Large stock and trade credit policy can increase the sales volume. Inventory is the main part of the working capital. Increase in the inventory will give dec rease in the risk of stock out. Inventory is done for fulfilling the demand of the public. Inventory is the liability of the company to sell it. The other element of working capital (WC) is accounts payable (AP). Firms can check the quality of the products provided by the producer by giving them late payment, whether it is suitable for the firm or not.Late payments create very bad impression of the firm in the market. Accounts receivable is also the major part of the working capital. Delay in the days of receivable creates more complication for the company. Working capital management is still taken lightly by some companies. It works as a key to free the cash from stock, accounts payable (AP) and accounts receivable (AR). To deal with the less important aspects of efficient and effective Working Capital (WC), firms can sharply reduce the out sourcing and they can save the money for future investment or opportunities.This can create more financial flexibility and increase the worth o f the firm by reducing capital employed (Buchmann and Jung, 2008). This study basically focuses on the long run financial decisions, future investments and allocations of funds, dividends and valuation of the firm in the stock market. However, balance sheet components assets and liabilities are significant in short term planning and they need to be carefully analyzed by the firm. Short term assets and liabilities are managed carefully by working capital management (WCM) for the growth of the firm’s profitability (Smith, 1980).For creating good worth of the share in front of shareholders, firms have to manage working capital efficiently and effectively. Working capital management process starts from the purchase of raw material up to the sales of the goods. It creates significant impact on the profitability and liquidity of the firms (Shin and Soenen, 1998). Net working capital (NWC) and gross working capital (GWC) are the two major concepts of working capital (WC). The total current assets and *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email  protected] com. Tel: +92-42-35880007 or +923334604314. 11006 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. orking capital (WC) can be replaced as a Gross working capital of the firm. By subtracting Current Liabi-lities from Current Assets it becomes Net Working Capital. Net working capital (NWC) can also be used to measure the liquidity but it is not useful when firms are compared with each other regarding performance, but useful in measuring the internal control of the firm. The net working capital helps to compare the liquidity of previous record of the firm performance. The main purpose of the working capital management (WCM) is to make the sustainable level of the working capital (WC) which is favorable for the firm.Net working capital (NWC) is the part of the currents assets which is main-tained through funds having maturity life more than one year. Current assets represent the source of short terms funds. If the firm has less short term funds then it is supported by long term funds and sustains the firm value and market share price. This is very useful for the ana-lysis of trade between profitability and risk in the shares of the firm. Positive working capital (PWC) and Negative Working Capital (NWC) are the two possible signs. Positive working capital (PWC) is the sign of firm healthiness.Positive working capital (PWC) means that firm have the ability to pay the liabilities which maturity date are less than one year of the firm on due date. Positive working capital (PWC) is calculated by comparing Current Assets (CA) by current liabilities (CL). Negative Working Capital is the sign of firm weakness. Negative working capital means that company does not have the ability to pay the short term liabilities. When the Working Capital (WC) shows negative sign, it indicates long term funds support the short term funds and firm can easily pay the obligations on due date and save the value or worth of firm in the market.But in th e different case, firm declining means bankruptcy. If declining working capital ratio continues for longer period then it can affect the firm value. If the firm efficiency is more in the operation, the more increase in working capital (WC). It can be analyzed by comparing the operation of working capital (WC) periodically. Working capital is raised from profits or outsourcing. Outsourcing means when there are more sales in the season but the firm is not able to invest and produce more products.From outsourcing, more liabilities arise but on the other way from investing more, revenue will generate from more sales and it will increase the assets of the firm. Working Capital Management (WCM) has its impact on profitability as well as liquidity of the company and the primary goal of a company is to increase the annual revenues. Keeping the company liquid is an extremely main task also. Increase in company profitabiliy by reducing the liquidity of the company can bring some serious probl ems for it. Goals cannot be ignored at any cost because each individual goal has its own importance. If goal of maximizing the profit is gnored, survival is not possible for a longer time. Similarly, if liquidity objective is ignored, insolvency or bankruptcy could be faced. Because of these bases, proper attention should be given to Working Capital Management (WCM) which affects the companies profits and through this, it will show the effect of the Working Capital (WC) on profitability (PRT). The research problem of this study is: does working capital have significant impact on profitability of a company? The objective of this reseach is to find out the correlation between working capital and profitability (PRT) through statistical analysis of a sample of listed companies.The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of traditional working capital policies (WCP) on the profitability (PRT) of the firms, to analyze whether Working Capital Policies (WCP) can become stable over a long run-up and to draw a conclusion about the impact of working capital on the profitability of companies. LITERATURE REVIEW A significant portion of financial research is concerned with the Management of working capital (MWC). This issue has been investigated at both theoretical and empirical levels. Different researchers have worked on working capital from different perspectives and in different economic environment.The environments and perspectives are discussed in detail in this work. This paper is conducted for the association between working capital (WC) and value creation for shareholders. Working capital has three parts. First, account receivable; second, account payable; and third, inventory. Account receivable is a part of balance sheet, placed in the Asset Side (AS) and it is the inflows of firm. Account receivable is maintained when a company makes sales on credit bases. Account payable is also the part of the balance sheet, placed on the liabilities side and also th e outflows of the firm.Account payable is maintained when a company do sum expenditures on the credit bases and make a payment on different terms. Inventory is maintained for generating the revenues from sales. The standard measure for working capital management (WCM) is cash conversion cycle (CCC). Cash conversion period reflects the time span between disbursement and collection of cash. Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) is based on three components: number of days of account receivable, number of day of accounts payable and number of day of inventory. It is measured by the sum of inventory conversion period less payable conversion period.Different researchers use the name like net trade cycle for calculating the Working Capital Management (WCM). In this, every component is calculated in percenttage of sales (Soenen, 1998). Qazi et al. 11007 In Marc’s view most firms invest cash in working capital (WC) and it shows that the management of Working Capital leaves good impression on t he Profitability of firms. Similarly, firm’s Working Capital Management (WCM) is a major part of financial positions. It helps the firms in maximizing their wealth and value of the shares. Larger inventory and trade policy can make higher sales for the firm.Large inventory reduces the risk of stock out for fulfilling the demand of the public. By providing credit sales to the customers, suppliers have significant cost advantage over financial institution (Deloof, 2002). Different researchers have different views that they test on the working capital. There is a positive correlation between account receivable and operating income of firm. Because if the good provided on credit bases then the days of the accounts receivable will not be for long period. On the basis of the accounts receivable, firms running their operations can meet the payment on due date.Efficient liquidity management (ELM) is a process which includes planning and controlling of current assets (CA) and current liabilities (CL). Liquidity and profitability of firm have great relation with each other. This relationship can be analyzed by current ratio (CR) and cash gap (CG) (Abdual, 2007). Firms short terms liabilities are directly related to the former while the continuity of liabilities is concerned with the latter. Higher investment blocked in stock and accounts receivable creates problem for operation. Decrease in number of days of account receivable gives increase in early eserves (Padachi, 2006). Financial managers can gain profit by maintaining component of cash conversion cycle (CCC) at a higher level (Nazir and Afza, 2009). If the inventory gets to the minimum level and the number of days account receivable (NDAR) also becomes minimum, then firms can increase their profits and run their project efficiently and effectively (Abdul, 2007). The policies of working capital management can help to measure the WC. If the policies which the firm is going to implement are very strict and hel pful for the firm then the firm will not bear losses or stock out or less short term assets.The financing policies mean how to allocate the revenue to different departments and after how many days the firm is going to receive their payments and ability to pay his own payments. The share value can be created by the financial managers if they efficiently manage through conservative approach (Nazir and Afza, 2009). Different researchers use different analysis models. For empirical investigation, the anova and Pearson correlation analysis is applied. From these models, firm size and cash cycle can be measured easily.It is easy to measure the efficiency of working capital management (WCM), performance evaluation and the whole efficiency of the firm by setting up their targets. For calculating the overall efficiency of the firm, the target has to be achieved in limited time period. Researchers use pooled data for the analysis. In the pooled data, different independent variables such as re gress combine with the dependent variable (Zariyawati, 2009). The financial leverage and growth in sales are the major factor of firm profitability. Firms have to select the best policy to improve their collection and payment period.Efficient management financing of working capital can increase their operational profitability (Abdul, 2010). After studying the above articles, it is seen that the results of all researchers are the same on working capital management (WCM) and profitability (PRT) regardless of different companies, environments and situations. METHODOLOGY This research is to analyze the impact of working capital (WC) on the profitability (PRT) of oil and gas and automobile industry with reference to Pakistan. Different statistical tools are applied to analyze the significance of the variables. So, the method of coefficient of correlation has been selected.Regression analysis is applied for testing the model reliability and significant relationship between variables. Data set and sample Two sectors are selected from Karachi Stock Exchange. The first is oil and gas and the second is automobile sector. A total of 20 companies are taken as sample for the data collection, which are collected from different sources. They are taken from 2004 – 2009 from the annual report. Some data are collected from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) provides an analysis report of different sectors and companies which were listed in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE).In this study, different variables are taken to measure the working capital (WC). Working Capital is taken as independent variable (WC) while profitability is taken as dependent variable (PRT). In this case, profit after tax is taken as profitability of firms. Working Capital can be measured by different ways. First is net working capital (NWC), which is measured by current assets (CA), divided by current liabilities (CL). Second is inventory turnover in days (ITID), which is cal culated by inventory divided by Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) and multiplied by 365.Third is number of day of accounts receivable (AAR), which is calculated by other current assets divided by sale and multiplied by 365. Forth is financial asset to total assets (FATA), which is calculated by adding cash and investment and the whole divided by total assets. In addition, current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER) and sales natural logarithm (LOS) are taken as control variable in this analysis. All the aforementioned variables are affecting the Working Capital, Working Capital Management (WCM) and it will have negative or positive impact on the profitability of the firms.Hypotheses testing The objective of this research is to examine the impact of Working Capital (WC) on the profitability of firms. Figure 1 shows the impact 11008 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. Figure 1. Impact of Working Capital on Profitability. of working capital on profitability† H1: Working capital has positive effect on the profitability of firms. H0: Working capital has no positive effect on the profitability of firms. Model specification In this study, panel data regression analysis and time series of data are taken. For the regression analysis, pooled data are used.In this pooled data, all variables are combined on the same level and selected variables are grouped as independent and dependent variables. After that, all variables are selected for regression and correlation analysis. Model equation PRT it = ? 0 + ? 1 (AAR it) + ? 2 (ITID it) + ? 3 (CR it) + ? 4 (DER it) + ? 5 (LOS it) + ? 6 (FATA it) + ? 7 (NWC it) + ? PRTi t = Net Profit t; i = 1- 20 firms. ?0 : Beta ? i: Coefficients X it X it: Independent variables i at time t t: Time = 1-5 years. ?: The error term Whereas, AAR = Average Account Receivable ITID = Inventory Turnover in Days CR = Current Ratio LOS = Sales logarithmFATA = Financial Assets to Total Assets NWC = Net Working Capital DER = Debt Equity Ratio Qualitative analyses In th is paper, two analyses are applied. First, correlation and statistical tools are applied in these data. We select person correlation model for this study to find out the degree of correlation among dependent and independent variables. In the regression analysis, we gather the data from annual reports and turn it to the same level. This gathering of data is called pooled data. For this analysis, we select E-views software to analyze it correctly in the case of pooled data.DATA ANALYSIS AND REGRESSION RESULTS The correlation and determination coefficients are the measures of the regression model. First, correlation coefficient (49. 95%) and the determination coefficient (26. 12%) show the degree of correlation among working capital and profitability of selected firms from oil and gas and automobile sector over 2004 – 2009. The standard error value is 6. 5926 and F-statistics value is 5. 4213 which is significant at 1% and shows 100% fitness of the model (Table 1). Similarly, th e Durbin-Watson statistics is 1. 9991 which clearly defines that there is no serial correlation in this regression model.Table 2 shows the estimation results of the six antecedents for the independent variable of working capital at Qazi et al. 11009 Table 1. Model summary. R R2 Adjusted R-squared Standard Error of Estimate Durbin-Watson statistics F statistics 0. 499599 0. 261211 0. 213029 6. 592679 1. 991426 5. 421362 Table 2. Estimation results. Variable NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR Means 23. 58595 129. 4913 75. 80012 0. 217936 17. 96434 18. 85266 SD 8. 415465 351. 7532 143. 2339 0. 191679 3. 368055 0. 597391 T stats 4. 520358 0. 254527 0. 937944 -0. 477942 -0. 554939 0. 096545 Remarks Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Not Sig Table 3.Correlation matrix. PROFIT NWC NDAR ITID FATA DER CR PROFIT 1. 000000 0. 474400 0. 109619 0. 112621 -0. 124623 -0. 201328 -0. 217375 NWC 1. 000000 -0. 086246 -0. 125120 -0. 054646 -0. 308676 -0. 397314 NDAR IITD FATA DER CR 1. 000000 0. 748882 -0. 190 807 -0. 095937 -0. 040053 1. 000000 -0. 311687 0. 061122 -0. 118921 1. 000000 0. 078238 0. 396036 1. 000000 0. 008978 1. 000000 1% significance level. The results show that Net Working Capital (NWC) has positive and significant impact on the Profitability (PRT) of firms and the rest of the variables explain the behavior of profitability but have no significant impact on profitability.In the correlation results shown in Table 3, networking capital has strong positive relationship with profitability of firms while number of days of account receivable (NDAR) and Inventory turnover in days (ITD) are positive but have weak correlation power with profitability of firms; financial assets to total assets (FATA), debt equity ratio (DER) and current ratio (CR) are weak and negatively correlate with the Profitability (PRT) of the firms.But the correlation results of independent variables somehow showed positive and strong correlation of inventory turnover in days (ITD) with number of days acco unt receivable (NDAR) and a strong but negative correlation of current ratio with net working capital; the remaining variables correlate but are weak in both the positive and negative sense, thus the concept of colinearity does not exist among the variables as evident by the analysis results. Conclusion This study is the relationship of working capital (WC) and profitability (PRT) of firms. orking capital (WC) is the major portion of the balance sheet. In this paper, data are collected form Annual Reports (AR) and analysis report which is provided from the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP). In this analysis report, the companies which are listed in stock exchange are analyzed and summarized. In this research, oil and gas and automobile sectors are taken 11010 Afr. J. Bus. Manage. as sample. Data are taken from 2004 – 2009. In this research, R shows the fitness of model which is 49. 95%. The independent variables explain 49. 95% of the model.In the regression results, only net work ing capital is positive and significant and Number of Days of Account Receivable (NDAR) and Inventory Turnover in Days (ITD) are positive but insignificant; and all other independent variables are negative and insignificant. In the correlation results, networking capital is positively correlated with profitability of the firms. The other two variables are weakly correlated with the profitability of firms and the other three independent variables are negatively correlated with profitability of firms.Hence, the empirical results of the paper show the positive trend of working capital on profitability of the firms. The results are supported by previous studies of Rahman (2007) and Nazir and Afza (2009) and Deloof (2002) on the Working Capital (WC). REFERENCES Abdual RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability – Case Of. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 279-300. Abdul RMN (2007). Working Capital Management And Profitability – Case Of Pakistani Firms. Int. Rev. Bus. Res. Papers, pp. 79-300. Abdul RTA (2010). Working Capital Management and Corporate Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan. Int. Res. J. Finan. Econ. , 47: 152. Buchmann P, Jung U (2008). 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