Critically Examine the Trend and Size of Poverty in Hong Kong

No city in the populace is as teetotal and contradictory as Hong Kong. This city has not entirely the 6th steepest per capita GDP, just if also the highest Gini coefficient in the world (World Bank, 2011). Fortunately, the Hong Kong g overnment isnt turning a cover eye towards this dilemma unaccompanied be alternatively actively looking for a trade-off between economic per constituteance and societal welf atomic number 18. One worthy example is the re-establishment of the Commission on Poverty, it is hoped that a clearly- conditiond meagerness line leave alone shed a innovative light into the pauperisation situation in Hong Kong.Another principal(prenominal) policy in recent puzzle egresss is the murder of stripped-down plight law, which has been in effect for ii age aiming to warrant a basic lease for dispirited-income civiliseers, however its effect on boilers suit work bulge level in Hong Kong is still to be determined. In this essay, I fork up first examine the over both wind and size of it of poorness in Hong Kong, consequently move on to assess the effectiveness of the give way amic fitted earnest system, as hygienic as the borderline earnings in eradicating exiguity in Hong Kong. Poverty, is an ambiguous term e particular(prenominal)ly in Hong Kong.The linked Nations places the benchmark for poverty as brisk infra a periodical income little than or rival to half of the median value category income of equal size classs. This is the definition that the Commission on Poverty is plausibly to adopt. But before the launch of official poverty line good deal ar considered poor however if they return for Comprehensive social Security pecuniary aid (CSSA), which eligibility is largely determined by nominal income. As a result, the effect of heap applying for CSSA decreased by and by minimum net profit law has been imposed.In this essay in that respectfore, I exit adopt the UN definition of povert y in examining its trend and size in Hong Kong. Poverty set permit on up to the stratum 2011 was the lowest since that of 2001. Before 2011, there had been an overall increasing trend in both(prenominal) the number of households living in poverty as comfortably as the poverty evaluate. In this sense, 2011 heap be seen as a watershed year the poverty rate plummeted to 17. 1% when canvasd to 17. 9% in the previous year, which meant a reduction of 55000 people paroxysm from poverty.Additionally, the total number of poor households had been rising from 2001 to 2007, solely this trend started to decline from then on. The total number of poor households in 2011 was 444,000, when compared with that of the age 2007 and 2010 there had been a reduction of 11,000 and 7000 households respectively. In ill will of the declining poverty trend and size, income disparity in Hong Kong has been worsening. In the year 2001, the median periodic income of high-income sort was $31,000 man t hat of low-income chemical group was $10,000, which meant that the creator was 3. 1 times that of the latter.However, this disparity continued to elicit and in the year 2011, the median monthly income of the high-income group additiond to $35,000, while that of the low-income group plunged to $9000, which meant that the high-income group had a monthly income 3. 5 times more than that of the low-income group. In brief, it is undeni subject that the declining trend and size of poverty has been promising, but that was largely ascribable to the thriving economy or else of governmental efforts, at the same time, the income gap has been getup despite the carrying out of minimum wage law.These statistics all indicate that the current social policies are light in eliminating the imminent threat of poverty. The social tribute system in Hong Kong is a three-tier system consisting of social escorter and social allowance in the form of Comprehensive Social Security Assistance and e meritus Age Allowance, mandated occupational pension in the form of Mandatory foresighted inventory as salubrious as close saving. In the remaining bulge out of the essay, the effectiveness of the above social security policies in lifting poverty ordain be assessed one by one.The Comprehensive Social Security Assistance was renamed laterwards the Public Assistance Scheme in 1993 has the bushel purpose to provide a safety clear for those who throw outnot support themselves financially. It is designed to bring their income up to a prescribed level to fitting their basic lacks. (Social wellbeing segment, 2012) It is a non-contributory and means-tested plot financed wholly by the government. CSSA payments can be broadly classified into three categories exemplar rate, supplements and extra grants.Standard Rates from 2012 is divided into 5 types immemorial person aged over 60 or above, ill health adult below 60, change child, able-bodied adult aged under 60 and able- bodied child. The amount of standard grade due to each type differs, but they are under the same guiding principles the standard rates for children and seniors are higher than those of the adults, rates for single individuals living alone are greater than those of family members, and rates will amplification with levels of severity of disability. Tsoi, 2002) Additionally, there are five types of supplements. long-term supplement is an annual payment to recipients who acquit been receiving aid for at to the lowest degree 12 months for the replacement of household and durable goods. Single arouse supplement is a monthly payment to single parent families with special difficulties in bringing up their families. Community living supplement is a monthly payment to old, change and certify ill-health CSSA recipients living in the community of interests quite of any institutions.Transport supplement aims to promote social desegregation and geographical mobility by providing month ly assistance to certified 100% alter as well as cosmos between 12 to 64 years of age. Last but not to the lowest degree, the in tennertion of the residential care supplement is to relieve the accommodation burdens of old, disabled and certified ill-health CSSA applicants who are not living in subsidised housing estates. Besides, a range of special grants are also set up to meet applicants special needs including school fees, school-related expenses, essential traveling expenses and so on.Famous English philosopher Midgley once commented that redistributing wealth in the form of social assistance has the almost channel potential impact on the poverty problem. She identify three necessary specialises in order to full realize this potential, first, social assistance must be financial by progressive taxation, second, the level of value provided must be sufficient to raise recipients out of poverty and third, needy people must have easy get at to social assistance intentions and that these schemes would not deter them from applying for help. Tsoi, 2002). With applies the above mentioned three principles to Hong Kong, it is worthy to highlight that Hong Kong only fulfilled the first condition out of the three. In the following dissevers, the low effectiveness of the CSSA will be discussed with respect to its level of receiptss, process of activity as well as incentives for its recipients to reintegrate into the dividing line mart. The level of benefits by the standard rates of the CSSA cannot weigh the actual needs of its recipients, but are in fact set arbitrarily. At the oment, the standard rates of CSSA recipients are limited reviewed and adjusted annually by the legislative Council to reflect the changes in Price Level by the Census and Statistics Department. The Consumption Price Index however, is a reference to the household expenditure of the 25% of the existence with the lowest income. It is highly dubious as to whether the household expen ditures of the poor households would be an authentic indicator and equalize to what they actually need to support their daily living. In addition, some CSSA recipients described the process of application as humiliating and intimidating.According to a joint project by the Department of Applied Social Sciences in engineering school University and Oxfam Hong Kong on Perception and Utilization of the CSSA in 2007, it was shew that some recipients felt that their applications were ceaselessly delayed and mishandled. near applicants level(p) accused the social security officers as having bad manners and lack empathy. These findings were launch out after in-depth interviews and group discussion, although it is questionable as to the representativeness of the examine size, the critique to the humiliating application procedures must meridian to some bearing of truth that the CSSA recipients feel.Besides, some social workers in the study also complained that some officers tip to in sult and threaten the applicants by making ill-advised requests. Going back to Midgleys third condition in order to eradicate poverty which concerns the access to social security must not deter the needy from applying the Social Services Department could clearly do a better joke. Furthermore, there is always an unspoken concern that receiving CSSA would come along a addiction culture, especially when the CSSA mechanisms do not encourage able-bodied recipients to attain economic independence.Contrary to common misconception that only able-bodied lazy people and new immigrants would apply for CSSA, most CSSA applicants, amounting to 60% (Oxfam, 2007) treat social security as the last resort to alleviate their desperate financial circumstances. However, due to a lack of support services, only 8%-10% of able-bodied CSSA recipients are able to re-enter the competitive job food mart (Ming Pao free-and-easy News, 2000) through the Special Job Attachment Programme. In addition, the a dditional cost for attempting to re-enter the job market may ut an extra toll on the families receiving CSSA, let alone some single parents families with insufficient child-care facilities may choose to dungeon on receiving welfare instead of working. In short, CSSA do not provide sufficient incentive for its recipients to re-join the work force, which is the only way to escape poverty. Another feel of the social security system in Hong Kong is mandated occupational pension, which is in the form of Mandatory Provident Fund in Hong Kong. It is a compulsory, occupation-related scheme with defined monthly contribution by both employers and employees.The Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Ordinance was passed in 2000 with the hope of change the safety net and hideaway auspices. Contribution to the MPF is mandated to be 10% of the employees income with which 5% is contributed by his/her employer. Besides, the mandate contribution is adjusted with relevance to employees income. After the implementation of minimum wage, the monthly applicable income is readjusted, for employees with monthly income less than $6500, only their employers are mandated to contribute 5% of relevant income, this becomes the minimum contribution.On the other hand, for employees with income higher than $25000, both employers and employees are required to contribute $1250, this becomes the maximum contribution. All MPF contributions will be injected into registered MPF trustee in the market chosen by the employers, but now, employees will be able to choose new MPF scheme annually establish on their performance. In the following paragraphs, the limitations of the MPF scheme will be discussed including its limited insurance coverage as well as inadequate retirement vindication which doubtlessly hamper its effectiveness.As aforementioned, MPF is an recitation-related surety scheme, which means that only people with long-term employment contract will consume retirement protection. The MPF only have limited coverage and do not have universal protection as people excluded from the workforce including the sick, the disabled, housewives, hawkers, domestic employees and so on are unprotected, this amount to quite a sizable portion in the population. Besides, the employers might filtrate to evade from the mandated contributions by altering the terms of employment contract.Employers are legally bound to contribute to MPF for their employees if they are employed for more than 60 days, therefore, some employers may deliberately change the employment contract to 59 days or terminate the contract and re-employ the employees. In brief, the MPF scheme does not provided for universal protection in the sense that a significant portion of the population is left unprotected, let alone some canny employers attempt to alter the employment contract in order to avoid contributing to their employees retirement protection scheme.Furthermore, the predicament of the MPF Scheme is that despite its objective is to provide retirement protection and reinforce the safety net, the protection is in fact far from sufficient. MPF is a define-contribution scheme but it is not a defined-benefits scheme, which meant that employees contribution is contingent on(p) upon many factors including the duration of contribution, returns from investments by the trustees after deducing the high administrative and transaction costs incurred, as well as the amount of contribution.This led to the inevitable whimsy of benefits which is nevery guaranteed by the trustees nor protected by the government. Besides, the scheme was introduced only in 2000, which meant that people around retirement age at that time would receive each little or no protection at all due to the short contribution period. At the moment, elderly poverty was one of the seve slumber forms of poverty in Hong Kong. In short, contrary to its sign intention, the MPF does not guarantee retirement protection, instead only a dded more un veritableties and unpredictability to lives after retirement.The statutory minimum wage was passed in 2010 and fully implemented labor Day of 2011. It aims at striking an appropriate balance between forestall excessively low wages and minimising the loss of low-paid jobs while back uping Hong Kongs economic branch and competitiveness (Labour Department, 2011). The initial minimum wage rate was set at $28, but the commission set up by the government to review the minimum wage rate biannually has agreed to maturation to $30 an moment. From a theoretical standpoint, setting up a wage bedeck would upset the balance of the labour market by forcing some low skill workers to be laid off.Nevertheless, the government estimated that 273800 grassroot workers would benefit from the law and could sustain a basic level of living by avoiding from being underpaid. After most two years since the law has passed, however, it seems that reports about employers trying to cut the d ecorate benefits of employees were not uncommon and the actual effect and rebound of minimum wage on the labour market is yet to be unravelled. In the following essay, I will examine the implementation of minimum wage law with regard to its effectiveness in eradicating poverty in Hong Kong.In order to assess the effectiveness of minimum wage, the first indicator is changes in monthly income of the tear down income groups when compared with higher income groups in the lower half year of 2011. If we divide the whole population equally into ten decile groups with the first decile group being the poorest 10% of the people and the tenth decile group being the wealthiest 10%, it was found that in the first three decile groups all start increase in monthly income ranging from 6. 9% to 9. 3%, while the last three decile groups experience either no change or negative growth in their monthly income (HKCSS, 2011).However, looking at income alone would not be a comprehensive assessment of t he effect of minimum wage law granted that the economic began to boom around the time minimum wage was implemented. Therefore, a much more steady-going assessment would be to compare the living standards of low income households before and after the minimum wage came into force. A study commissioned by Oxfam Hong Kong adopted a two-stage stratified surveys that interview impoverished households with at least one family member receiving minimum wage and compare their livelihood from March 2011 to January 2012.In the following paragraphs, findings from this study will be further analysed. In terms of monthly income, the minimum wage law has indeed increase the nominal household income. About 70% of interviewees, representing 131125 families describe an increase in household income after the mental institution of minimum wage. Moreover, 72. 6% of them also reported a rise in individual workers income. In spite of an increase in monthly income and in fact, minly income as well, wor king hours of workers decreased.The average hourly wage of respondents who stayed in the same job before and after implementation of minimum wage increased, 56. 8% of them even receive an hourly wage that exceeded $28. However, the same group of people who remain in the same job also experience an average cut of about 13. 9 working hours. This reduction of working hour is more often than not, at the expense of the workers benefit such as cancelling paid lunch hour or meal break and no extra time payment and so on. 46. % of respondents complained that the previously paid rest days were cancelled since the enforcement of minimum wage law. taking into account of the loss of paid rest days as well as other ornament benefits, coupled with the reduction in working hours, over half of the respondents, 55. 8% of them experienced a record in individual income despite the apparent increase in nominal monthly income. In the paragraph above concerning CSSA recipients, it was briefly mentione d that they treat social assistance as their last resort to mitigate their financial situation.In fact, most of them felt perceivable prejudice against them. The cornerstone of minimum wage has a wide application, but it affects most significantly low-income jobs that CSSA recipients crave. About half of the respondents receiving CSSA in the Oxfam study affirm the effectiveness of wage floor as an impetus to quit receiving social assistance. This in brief, could address the need of CSSA recipients to self-reliance and eliminate the stigmatisation or label that they feel attached to them by re-entering the job market.Nonetheless, increase in income to a certain extent does not mean or think poverty alleviation. The most pivotal finding in the Oxfam study is that it reveals 40. 5% of households still live in deprivation despite the minimum wage law. This is because they define deprivation as the inabilities to afford at least three items that are dubbed essential by most Hong Kong r esidents including dental check-ups, leisure activities, afford to go to private clinics when sick and tea house and so on.According to Townsend (1979), a person is considered to be in poverty if he or she does not have enough resources to enable him or her to participate in normal activities commonly engaged by ordinary members in the community and therefore cannot become fully integrated into the mainstream of society. Therefore, when 40. 5% of respondents, representing 531354 households are still deprived of a find to engage in social activities simply due to the fact that they still could not afford the items they need highlighted just how ineffective minimum wage edict has been in eradicating poverty.In conclusion, lifting people out of poverty is a difficult problem that could not be work out by any social policy alone, let alone the many flaws and limitations that are embedded in social policies. However, it is only through identifying the imperfection in social welfare policies could we make improvement on them and hopefully attain the final goal of eradicating poverty at the end. file name extension list Hong Kong Council of Social Service, The Statistic review of the Low Income Household in Hong Kong, 2011. w. hkcss. org. hk/ business leader_e. asp Labour Department (2011). Statutory nominal Wage Reference Guidelines for Employers and Employees. Legislative Council (2012). Before and After the Statutory Minimum Wage Ordinance in Hong Kong Survey of Low-income workers and their Families. Oxfam Hong Kong and focus on for Social Policy Studies, Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2007). Perception and Utilization of CSSA a take on the Views of the Public and the Lower Income people.Social Welfare Department (2012), Comprehensive Social Assistance Scheme, retrieved from http//www. swd. gov. hk/en/index/site_pubsvc/page_socsecu/sub_comprehens/ Tsoi Kcon-wah , Poverty Eradication and Social Security in Hong kon g, in Advances in Social welfare in Hong Kong, ed. ,) by D. T. L. Shek, 2002, Chapter 9. World Bank (2011), Gini Index, retrieved from http//data. worldbank. org/indicator/SI. POV. GINI